Similarities Between Freedom Writers And Freedom Writers

The film Crips and Bloods has similar parallels to the film Freedom Writers. Specifically, Freedom Writers explains the dynamics of gang rivalry and how that rivalry, together with racial tensions, transformed a once top -performing high school to one of the most under -performing high schools in the country. Most notable is Erin Gruwell, a newly hired teacher, and her willingness to teach and educate a class that has been labeled as delinquent and not worth wasting resources on. It is important to note that the majority of Ms. Gruwell’s students were either a member of gang themselves, or participated in some form of gang warfare. Many of the kids from the film stressed the importance of â€Å"protecting their own† which meant that they had to†¦show more content†¦Ms. Gruwell certainly faces many obstacles and challenges in securing the resources and materials necessary to teach her class. In fact, Ms. Gruell even resorts to taking on two additional jobs to pr ovide the necessary materials for kids. Freedom Writers does an excellent job of highlighting some of the larger structural issues that exacerbate gang violence and racial tensions. For instance, in a one scene, an honors teacher criticizes Ms. Gruwell’s efforts in buying brand new books for the kids, saying that the kids will not appreciate the books, and are incapable of reading at such a high reading level. However, this exact rhetoric that undermines and denigrates these supposed â€Å"delinquent† kids is precisely the problem -instead of supporting students, faculty and school administrators fail to provide students with the encouragement and resources necessary to succeed. More broadly, this points to the victimization of kids, as the gang members in Crips and Bloods mention. As we have discussed in class, more money is allocated for increased law enforcement, further criminalizing kids, particularly youth of color, than in investing in after school programs for them. Thus, the constant surveilling and policing of kids in theirShow MoreRelatedThe Deconstruction Of The Yellow Wallpaper Essay1196 Words   |  5 Pages Additionally, from a deconstructive point of view, there is a central binary of constraint and freedom. The examples from the text show both evidence of constraints within the story as well as freedom. Thus, proving this to be the central binary of this piece of literature. Finally, these two aspects can be used to show the similarities between this text and the short story How to Become a Writer by Lorie Moore. First of all the genre of this story is irony. According to Frye s theory ofRead MoreFrederick Douglass Vs. Harriet Jacobs987 Words   |  4 Pageshistory of the United States was the practice of slavery. Two of the most famous slave narrative writers during the last three decades of legal slavery were Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs. Douglass was an American abolitionist, author and orator. He was born into slavery for roughly 20 years until he gained the courage to escape to the north and gain freedom (History.com Staff). Upon gaining his freedom, he created a friendship with an abolitionist known as William Lloyd Garrison. After gettingRead MoreComparing and Contrasting Mudies Peom My Father Began as a God and the Movie Freedom Writers984 Words   |  4 PagesAgain, for the final change of perspective, the composer writes â€Å"strangest of all†. The underlying meaning of this phrase is that he never expected to see any similarities between him and his father. ‘My Father Began as a God’ shares a few things in common with ‘Freedom Writers’, a movie directed by Richard LaGravenese. 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Both authors tackle a similar theme and portray their love for theirRead More The Differences a nd Similarities Between Caged Bird and Still I Rise1343 Words   |  6 PagesThe Differences and Similarities Between Caged Bird and Still I Rise ‘Caged Bird’ and ‘Still I Rise’ are in their own ways similar, because they are both noticeably about the coloured race and the entrapment of that race and their bid for freedom. But both poems also display many differences, like the use of metaphors and ways of expressing their determination and the segregation of their race. Their titles almost sound like opposites with a capture of something and a rise above somethingRead MoreResponse to Harriet Jacobs and Frederick Douglass Readings1204 Words   |  5 Pagesare very notable and important too; not only for honor but also important to American literature. They both lived during the period of the Antebellum (1820 - 1865) when the abolition of slave trade was a big issue in the country. At this time, most writers were writing on the subject of slavery. The works of Harriet Jacobs and Frederick Douglass, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl and Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave respectively, were narratives of their lives givingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Slave Cry By Richard Lagravenese Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pagesconnections can I make between the racism in this text and in my other texts? and Which characters and/or events in this text show the theme of racism?. I decided to use the following texts because I believe they all have a significant connection to my investigation. My first text is The Help, which is a film directed by Tate Taylor. This demonstrates the idea of how in society back then racism was a big part and how their lives were very different to now. My second text Freedom Writers, is a film directedRead More The Struggle for Freedom in Yellow Wallpaper and Story of an Hour1106 Words   |  5 PagesStruggle for Freedom in The Yellow Wallpaper and The Story of an Hour    The Yellow Wallpaper and The Story of an Hour are two very similar stories. Both deal with middle-aged women who long to attain their freedom. They share the same theme, but convey the message differently in terms of style and quality. The two stories are about women who are fighting for freedom, happiness, and the ability to be truly expressive in any way possible. The greatest similarity is between the female protagonistsRead MoreResponse to Harriet Jacobs and Frederick Douglass Readings1192 Words   |  5 Pagesare very notable and important too; not only for honor but also important to American literature. They both lived during the period of the Antebellum (1820 - 1865) when the abolition of slave trade was a big issue in the country. At this time, most writers were writing on the subject of slavery. The works of Harriet Jacobs and Frederick Douglass, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl and Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave respectively, were narratives of their lives givingRead MoreFree Will Or Fate?1098 Words   |  5 Pagesfree will, but the two hold more similarities than you may realize. Homer, the writer of The Odyssey, focuses mainly on the god’s influence of Odysseus’s travels home. Miguel De Cervantes, writer of Don Quixote, uses Quixote’s imagination and decisions to motivate t ravel. Although they bear some minor similarities, the differences between The Odyssey and Don Quixote are pronounced. Before discussing the similarities I would like to go over the differences between the two. In the Odyssey, the gods

Death Of The Ancient World - 2949 Words

Death. Something that no one wants to think about much less encounter. Yet we all must come face to face with death in some way or another. The whole process of losing a loved one and taking care of the remains made me wonder why we honor the dead the way we do. Why do we bury them or burn them? What dictates that religion, environment, culture? What is the point of doing anything at all for the dead? To honor their memory or ease the pain for those left behind? Death in the ancient world held a deeper meaning than it does today, in the ancient world they look out for your soul and the journey it is about to embark upon. Our traditions today are merely warped versions from these ancient traditions. As I examined some of the ancient texts from different cultures, I found something very surprising, even across different cultures the dead were tended the same way. You would never notice these similarities, because the rites and meanings are so different, leading me to the conclusion it wasn’t all culture. Environment plays a small role but it was insignificant, in comparison to religion. Religion or the lack thereof was what made these death rites so different and distinctive. Religion affects the practices and different rituals surrounding how the dead are laid to rest in the ancient world as we see in Beowulf, the Iliad, and the Bhagavad-Gita. If I say Viking, immediately the image of a blonde haired pillager comes to mind, and if I say Viking funeral, you think of a shipShow MoreRelatedEssay about Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece903 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece† According to history there existed two of many important ancient civilizations that left a significant mark in the history of human development that even today leaves modern society in awe of its greatness. 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The albatross had flown to the side of the Mariner’sRead MoreThe Superstitious And Mythical Figure Of The Vampire988 Words   |  4 Pagesresurrects from the dead and lives of the living, by draining humans of their blood, until a it is impaled by a wooden stick or burned. In ancient history we see the myth of the vampire appearing in burial traditions, showing vast similarities to the modern day definition of the vampire. We see this appear in various cultures and regions like the Tibetans, ancient Babylonia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome (Wotherspoon, 6-8). In The Tibetan Book of the Dead, it is explained by Lama Kazi Dawa that, they believeRead MoreAncient Egypt : Religion And Religion1374 Words   |  6 Pagesdo in mythology. Ancient Egypt had an organized system with beliefs about the supernatural, belief was an polytheistic one, and part of the culture and lives of people. All these features and roles are all part of the religions, animistic religions. The people of Egypt at the time were part of a civilization that had two kingdoms that eventually became one. World being flat was the belief at the time and thus the Nile River is seen as the main source of life. The people of ancient Egypt all had jobsRead MoreThe Themes Of Death And Death1282 Words   |  6 PagesCambridge Hinds Big Question Paper The Meaning of Death The themes of life and death are used frequently throughout many ancient and modern stories, and specifically, thoughts on death and what it means differ from author to author, time period to time period, and circumstance to circumstance. Many works of ancient literature address the meaning of death directly; examples include the drama Medea by ancient Greek playwright Euripides in 431 BCE, and the Decameron by Italian Giovanni BoccaccioRead MoreDeath Of Latin American Culture1542 Words   |  7 PagesDeath in Latin American Culture Death is part of life in every part of the world, and every culture handles it differently. 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Chevrolet Europe Free Essays

Che General Motor Corporate Chevrolet Europe marketing plan 1. Company Description General Motors, one of the world’s largest automakers, traces its roots back to 1908. With its global headquarters in Detroit, GM employs 204,000 people in every major region of the world and does business in some 140 countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Chevrolet Europe or any similar topic only for you Order Now GM and its strategic partners produce cars and trucks in 34 countries, and sell and service these vehicles through the following brands: Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, GM Daewoo, Holden, Opel, Vauxhall and Wuling.GM’s largest national market is the United States, followed by China, Brazil, Germany, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Italy. GM’s OnStar subsidiary is the industry leader in vehicle safety, security and information services. 2. CASE SITUATION AND GOALS This section covers two aspects of corporate strategy that influence the marketing plan: the company’s mission, and the company’s goals. Mission:As General Motors’ corporate strategy to market GM Daewoo vehicles under the Chevrolet brand in Asia (except South Korea), South American, and North American in 2003, the Project Midas team was assigned responsibility for marketing the brand conversion from GM Daewoo to Chevrolet in the European passenger car market. Patricia Messar, the director for brand and marketing at Chevrolet Europe, assembled the Project Midas group and first take respond to the Chevrolet brand positioning. Goals: * Nonfinancial goalsTo launch Chevrolet brand in Europe, we have to be accomplished with the existing GM Daewoo policy and capital, which include the production line, carry-over names for individual product models, and the same dealers and operating policies and practices. In this Chevrolet positioning, firs t we need to resonate with European car buyers. Secord, as corporate global marketing strategy, we need to complement General Motors’ multi-brand portfolio in Europe and third, we need to be consistent with the global perception of the Chevrolet brand. * Financial goalsThe financial goals are simple for Chevrolet. First, we need to achieve 1% for the Chevrolet brand in the European market in 2005. Second, we have a 75 million euro media budget. 3. Marketing Analysis and Situation A. The size, scope and share of the market Europe is the largest passenger car producer in the world Main market: Total new passenger car registrations in Europe in 2003 were 4. 4% lower than 2000. The 2003 the total European passenger car market size was 15,520,755 units. Industry analysts in Europe were forecasting a 1-2% annual increase in new car registrations for 2004 and 2005.So we can assume the market size will at least increase to 15,675,962. 55 units. Fig 1. 1 Manufacturers and Brand Market Shares in Europe: 1999-2003 2001 and 2002, in these two years, because of the economic situation, automobile industry facing a very strong impact and keep declining. However, in chart 1. 1, we can see that two kinds of car manufacturing company have a distinctly increase market share in 2001 and 2002. These two kinds of car companies are French-based company- Peugeot Group and Renault, and Japanese Manufacturers.In the long run, the European passenger car buyers believe that French-based company’s brands stand for innovation and comfort. While their competition of Japanese’s brands of automobiles stand for cost-effectiveness, and dependability. So we can get a hint that consumer tend to purchase a car with more innovations, comfort and cost-effectiveness. Competitor: Our exit-target customer group for Daewoo brand is the traditional blue collar segment includes skilled blue-collar workers who are flexible in their brand selection and willing to spend money on cars. In this area, our ain competitors are Ford, Fiat, Peugeot, Renault, and Volkswagen’s Skoda. Fig: Brand market share (%) Ford: Ford’s market share keeps dropping from 8. 9-8. 6%. According to European car buyer perceptions of cars, American cars are too big, huge, large shape, less appealing design, and big engines have less attraction in the European market. Peugeot, Renault, Volkswagen: Through many years operating in Europe, these three manufacturers have a very good reputation and loyalty from consumer groups. The middle class group market is highly competitive and has very little price range.Potential market analysis: According to market statistical data of General Motor Europe Market share by country and Brand 2001-2003, we have two main conclusions: A. Our best areas of sales are from less economically developed countries. The top five countries in sales of our brand Daewoo are Southeast Europe2. 77%, Greece 2. 4%, Netherlands 1. 76%, Spain 1. 63, Italy 1. 5%, and Czech/Slovak Rep 1. 41%. From this data, we can find that the countries with the best sales of Daewoo’s brand are less economically developed in Europe.The GM Daewoo brand unit sales increased to 132,200 units in 2003, which were the most sales in southeastern European countries. This also indicates that most of the Daewoo brand customers belong to lower middle class. B. Highly developed and strong brand dependency areas. In 2003, according to Daewoo brand market share data, Daewoo brand has the lowest market share in these five countries: France 0. 22%, Norway 0. 33%, Sweden 0. 35%, Germany 0. 39%, and Austria 0. 4%. * Daewoo is not suit for a high quality of life area for like France, Norway, and Sweden. Germany consumers have a strong brand dependency. 4. Consumer behavior analysis: A. Who is our consumer for the Daewoo brand? The consumer for our Daewoo brand is the lower middle class. Those customers have an acceptable income, and also spend money on cars. The core customers of GM Daewoo were loyal to the brand, and tended to be traditional in their value orientation. B. What is the image of GM Daewoo in our customer’s mind? Since the launch of the Daewoo Matiz in 1998, most of our customers think Daewoo is reliable, a very good value for what you spend, and most of all beautiful. But Daewoo was also a symbol of cheap imported products. C. What kind of cars are our customers are expecting? GM Daewoo customers wanted a cost-effective, but expressive means of transportation. As such they wanted something practical, but distinctive from a car. A car is not a status for them. 5. Media advertising analysis: The most heavily advertised consumer products in Europe are passenger car. One of the reasons why the Peugeot group is able to keep increasing their market share in the previous two years is their large advertising budget.In 2002, Peugeot spend 859 million dollars in advertising and gained 15. 45% share of voice (not sure what you mean). In 2003, Peugeot spend 791 million dollars in advertising and gained a 14. 11% share of voice. With these large advertising expenditures, Peugeot market share increased 3% in the past four years. Share of voice represents the media spending of a particular brand or company when compared to others in a product category or industry. The percent of share of voice is directly related to the advertising expenditure. See Fig 1. 3 Fig 1. 3 (money in millions, US dollar)Through this chart, we can distinctly find a linear relation. The media budget for Midas project group is 75 million euro ($84. 75 million). We can optimistically expect a 1. 52% share of voice in 2005 6. SWOT analysis Internal factor: GM Chevrolet Strengths: * Good design/distinctive. * Great value for the money/Good equipment at a low price * Various product ranges. * Offer diesel-powered engine models in each car segment. * Improve workmanship(compare to Daewoo) * Comfortable design style GM Chevrolet weakness: * Hard to repair * Poor dealership European passenger car buyer perceptions of American cars * Relatively poor workmanship (Daewoo’s product line)* No diesel engines(Daewoo’s product line) * The lack of any significant marketing or product development initiatives. * Lack of brand advertising * Low product awareness GM Chevrolet opportunities: * Japanese brands trading up-leaving room on the lower price end of the market * The GM umbrella * Market share available in lower middle class level * A clean slate upon which to position the Chevrolet brand * Loyal Daewoo customer resource GM Chevrolet threats: Erosion of value for the mone y * Transition from Daewoo to Chevrolet creating confusion and poor satisfaction among current customer base Positioning analysis: GM has three different brands of cars in the European passage car market. Those brands cover different levels of income, classes, and combine a strongly competitive strength 1) Saab was positioned as a brand that offers modern independent-minded customers an alternative premium embodied in cars that are progressive, sporty, and surprisingly practical. 2)Opel/ Vauxhall focus on the middle class with a traditional value orientation )Daewoo, which we are going to replace, is targeting the lower middle class. To avoid conflict with the other two GM brands. We need to enhance our market position in the lower middle class and use the new brand awareness advantage to develop a new customer group. Targeting customer level: Chevrolet’s brand targets different customers and should be different with Saab and Opel/ Vauxhall. The brand should also pay close attention to those areas open to foreign brands. Moreover, based on the lower middle customer need, develop different styles for different customer value chains. ) Lower middle class (Daewoo customer) In this level, we have a certain number of customers from Daewoo and we keep a certain market share. If we use an appropriate adverting strategy, we can keep those customer resources and develop our potential customer. 2) Lower middle class tend to post materialism Younger or middle-age people who are educated have a lower income or live with their family. They do not have too much money that they can spend on car, but they tend to purchase a car which is practical and also can present individual character. 3) Middle class tend to post materialismIn this level, conventional modern mainstream is targeting potential customer groups. This segment consists of younger, middle class car owners who are mostly well educated with above-average incomes, and bridges the modern and postmodern value orientation. They tend to spend more money on cars and are open to considering new or â€Å"other brands†. Other brands, which include American brands such as Chevrolet, have an opportunity in this level. We can also use our advantage in price to gradually enter this level. * Uniform car preferences across national boundaries:Action plan: Chevrolet replaces Daewoo in Europe market Advantage: * A clean brand image to create * Do not have the brand image of bankruptcy. * Not related with all Korean brands depreciation * Valuable customer information and channel which gain from Daewoo * Join the GM Europe brand strategy Disadvantage: * Transition to GM creating confusion and poor satisfaction record among current customer base * Risk of losing core customers * Lack of brand awareness 1) Interior factors to improve: Based on exiting Daewoo product line, improve workmanship, product line.Enhance car reliable. Style design more focus on European buyer’s need. E. g. reduce fuel consumption, and small or compact car style. Develop and perfect dealership, establish a health distribution channel. Retraining dealer staff, enhance service and introduce the different between Daewoo and Chevrolet. 2) Develop different style car for our target customer : One very important weakness of Daewoo is limited product range. Based on the Daewoo exiting model, improve style, design, and develop more style to meet our potential customers’ needs. For tradition lower middle class: ( Daewoo customer group) First, design a car similar to the most popular Daewoo Martiz style.This allows the Daewoo core customers to realize that the new Chevrolet brand is still keeping the smart, beautiful style that was seen in the Daewoo Martiz. Make little different and add some innovation. Second, the lower middle class style of this car should focus more on cost-effectiveness, comfort, and offer diesel-power and gasoline-power. Third, advertising strategy should focus on our improved workmanship, and that we are still a GM corporate product. For lower and middle class tend to post materialism: In this level requirement, we offer two different sized car styles: This level requirement of car first is comfort and has enough interior space for family. Second, the outlook of the car should enhance the personal character which is post materialism, offer diesel-power as well as gasoline-power, and also offer a small compact version as well. This would allow for two different sizes of cars for different ages of consumers- younger and middle-age * For middle class tend to post materialismThis is a very important potential market customer group. Conventional modern mainstream customer, they are younger, middle middle customer, and variable brand selection include American brand. We can focus on the style need of this level of customers. A challenger style which is breaking through is possible for post material value orientation, but has a cost-effectiveness, and decent quality design. Advertising strategy: 1) For Daewoo customer: Focus advertising areas: less economically developed countries.Customer trait: blue-collar worker, lower middle class, lower income, brand loyalty. Advertising ways: For those lower income or blue-collar workers, we can put our advertising on those normal TV show, beside that, we have a advantage of customer information which from Daewoo. So, we can directly send a try-driving invitation which can let they feel the different and better quality compare to Daewoo. Television, try-driving invitation directly mail, broadcast, national try-driving action in local dealer store. Advertising title: â€Å"time to upgrade! †, â€Å"you try, you know difference! †. Notices to Daewoo customer group that Daewoo now upgrade to Chevrolet. Focus on telling customer that the essential Daewoo parts still remain and we upgrade its quality. This is the car which is more practical and cost-effective. 2) For new marketing customer: Focus advertising areas: Europe but focus on middle economically developed countries. Customer trait: middle class, middle income, post materialism, younger, personal expression. Advertising ways:Because our targeting customers are tend to different with tradition middle class. They are younger, and sensitive to fashion. Television, internal web advertising, professional magazines and papers, and national try-driving action in local dealer store. Advertising title: â€Å"express yourself! †, â€Å"individual desire †, â€Å"change! †. How to cite Chevrolet Europe, Papers

The blackout moment free essay sample

I was standing on the stage speaking, in front of the microphone and the audience, and suddenly my mind Just went blank. Not knowing what to say next and too frightened to run off the stage, I tried to think really hard to recall the next line of my speech, and I failed. 5 seconds, 10 seconds. .. Still nothing came to my mind. The pause was so noticeable that everyone must now know that I have forgotten the script of my speech. Feeling my feet sinking Into the ground, I took a deep breath to stay calm, kept myself from trembling, and coughed softly to break this killing silence In the room.But when hearing my voice getting shaky, I only swallowed hard to make It much worse. There was a nagging voice kept echoing In my head, saying, Its all your fault, you did it to yourself and now you deserve It. We will write a custom essay sample on The blackout moment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And this drew me back to the day before yesterday, when I sat In front of my laptop, Just started rushing to finish the speech on the assigned topic when the deadline was approaching. The topic for the speech contest was Mahatma Is my top concern. And as a victim of procrastination, though I got It 2 weeks before the final round, I didnt started working n it until the last day before the deadline.After 3 hours of exploration of the topic, having come up with loads of concerns that I was not even in the least bit concerned about. I had no clue as to which topic to pick. The good news is that I finally made it for the deadline. While the bad news is that I just got so little time to go through the script. The audiences big applause drew me back to the scene. Anyway, I was supposed to put on end to this endless pause. So I jumped to the ending part and went off the stage.This could-have-been-avoided blackout moment really embarrassed me, and it also taught me a lot about life. In movies, the director can always say cut and re-shoot the scene, but our life is actually in a live theatre where I cant cut whenever I want. Even if I mess up too badly, the play would not lust stop and the curtain go down temporarily to cover up my mistakes. Of course, there is no perfect live performance. But at least we can always make sure that we did do our best. Get fully prepared for our life, and do not let the blackout moment fail us again.

20 Expository Essay Topics on Addictive Foods

20 Expository Essay Topics on Addictive Foods When writing an expository essay on a complicated topic one often feels paralyzed: not a single thought comes to mind and you can almost feel how deadline creeps closer while you cannot even think about any particular topic to write about. You, however, don’t have to suffer this way if you have a list of topics to choose from. So, if you have to write about addictive foods, feel free to use these: What Makes Junk Food Addictive The Most Addictive Foods in Existence How Sugar Causes Addiction Similarities between Processed Foods and Habit-Forming Drugs How Processed Foods Are Engineered to Cause Addiction Salt, Sugar and Fat: the Unholy Trinity of Food Industry What Makes Us Crave Salt? Cheetos and Vanishing Caloric Density Why Is Snack Food So Addictive? Scientific Reasons Behind the Addictiveness of Salty-Sweet Foods Hyperpalatable Foods: What Are They? Children-Oriented Marketing of Junk Food Which Foods Are Making Us Fat and Why Are We Eating Them High Fructose Corn Syrup as the Main Culprit of Obesity Epidemic Long Hang-Time Flavor as a Factor in Addictiveness of Doritos Mechanism Behind Bacon’s Appeal Why Oreos Were Proven to Be More Addictive than Cocaine Why French Fries Cause Problems with Portion Control Can Food Be as Addictive as Drugs? Which Foods Are Most Likely to Cause Addiction Despite covering different areas, all these topics have one thing in common: they are interesting, they deal with important issues of modern world and subjects that have more than just academic appeal. Dont miss the chance to benefit from the facts on addictive foods and writing guidelines on expository papers. Below you will find a sample essay that shows how they can be handled in practice. What Makes Junk Food Addictive We all know that so-called junk food is detrimental to our health, especially when consumed in inordinate amounts. They don’t pose significant health risks when occasionally introduced into an otherwise healthy diet; but the problem with them is exactly this – it is extremely hard not to eat them in inordinate amounts once you’ve started. For some reason, even if one feels guilty afterwards, all too often one just cannot stop eating – so much so that many consider junk food to be addictive in a manner of narcotic drugs. So what makes things like Twinkies, Oreos, Lays, Coke and their brethren so alluring? As it turns out, there is nothing random about this fact. Although it is hard to say whether the term ‘addiction’ is correct technically, there is no doubt that junk foods don’t just happen to be tasty and attractive – they are carefully and painstakingly engineered to be this way. Although the idea of scientists in lab coats running experiments and food companies spending millions to try and determine the optimal level of crunchiness for potato chips sounds preposterous, it is exactly what they are doing (the chips experiment, for example, was run by Frito-Lay). Taste, aftertaste, texture, contents, everything is carefully designed to make us love the product, eat more in one sitting and get back for extra. The methods for these are varied, but generally they are based on one simple principle which lies in history of our species. Throughout evolution, human beings were mainly concerned with finding enough food to survive. Substances like sugar and fat were extremely valuable for survival because they contain high amount of calories and provide a great deal of energy. Our ancestors had to work and often fight hard to obtain them, and they were never available in high amounts. In other words, our brains are hard-wired by millions of years of evolution to crave sugar and fat because for a very long time they were valuable sources of energy beneficial to our survival. Today, however, we can get as much of them as we want, as they are easily and cheaply obtainable in any grocery store without any physical effort. The same goes for salt. Despite not providing any calories, sodium is extremely important for various processes in our personal biochemistry – and in order to make sure we eat enough of it, our brains are designed to make us like its taste. However, in ancient times it was even harder to come by than sugar – and today it is contained in virtually all processed foods in amounts that far exceed our natural requirements. Thus, food companies can ensure we eat more of their produce simply by giving us what the reptilian part of our brain says we need. There are other, more sophisticated approaches, serving as an icing on the cake. For example, ‘vanishing caloric density’, a feature that is specifically characteristic of Cheetos – when you eat them, they tend to melt in your mouth, and you are subconsciously inclined to believe that something that behaves this way doesn’t contain any calories and you can go on eating it forever. Or ‘long hang-time flavor’ – meaning that flavor remains in your mouth for a long time, reminding you of the taste and nudging you to eat more. But when all is said and done, junk foods simply play on subconscious cravings of our brains which were formed millions of years ago in living conditions that had nothing to do with how human beings live today. References: Boseley, Sarah. â€Å"Eating, not Sugar, Is Addictive.† The Guardian Sep. 9 2014 Fleming, Amy. â€Å"Food Addiction: Does It Really Exist?† The Guardian Aug. 20 2013 Gearhardt, Ashley N., Carlos M. Grilo, Ralph J. DiLeone, Kelly D. Brownell and Marc N. Potenza. â€Å"Can Food Be Addictive? Public Health and Policy Implications.† Addiction Jul. 2011: 1208-1212. Print Moss, Michael. â€Å"The Extraordinary Science of Addictive Junk Food.† The New York Times Magazine Feb. 20 2013 Nolan, Rachel. â€Å"Behind the Cover Story: Michael Moss on Addictive Foods and What He Eats for Breakfast.† The New York Times Feb. 25 2013 Peretti, Jacques. â€Å"Why Our Food Is Making Us Fat.† The Guardian Jun. 11 2012 Sullum, Jacob. â€Å"Research Shows Cocaine and Heroin Are Less Addictive Than Oreos.† Forbes Oct. 16 2013

How Dragonflies Males Find and Mate with Females

How Dragonflies Males Find and Mate with Females Dragonfly sex is a rough-and-tumble affair. If youve ever seen a pair of mating dragonflies in the act, you know that their sexual coupling requires the flexibility and acrobatic skill of a Cirque de Soleil performer. Females get bitten, males get scratched, and sperm winds up everywhere. These strange mating habits have survived millions of years of evolution, so the dragonflies must know what theyre doing, right? Lets take a closer look at how dragonflies mate. How Dragonfly Males Find Receptive  Females Dragonflies dont engage in elaborate courtship rituals. In a few dragonfly families, the male might display his colors or fly over his territory to show a potential mate what a good oviposition site hes chosen for their offspring, but thats about it. Since dragonflies have extraordinarily good vision, the males rely mostly on their eyesight to find appropriate female partners. A typical pond or lake habitat will support many species of dragonflies and damselflies. To succeed in passing on his DNA, a male dragonfly must be able to distinguish females of his own species from all the other Odonates flying around. He can recognize a conspecific female by observing her flight style, her colors and patterns, and her size. How Dragonflies Mate (and the Wheel Formation) As with many insects, male dragonflies make the first move to initiate sex. When a male spots a female of his own species, he must first subdue her. Hell approach her from behind, usually while they are both in flight, and hold onto her thorax with his legs. He might bite her, too. If he hopes to mate successfully, he must get a firm  grip on her quickly. He pulls his abdomen forward and uses his anal appendages, a pair of cerci, to clasp her by the neck (her prothorax). After he has her tightly by the neck, he extends his body and continues to fly with her, in tandem. This position is known as tandem linkage. Now that hes got a hold of a mate, the male dragonfly prepares for sex. Dragonflies have secondary sex organs, meaning they dont store sperm near the copulatory organ. He must transfer some sperm from a gonopore, on his ninth abdominal segment, to his penis, which is located under his second abdominal segment. After hes charged his seminal vesicle with sperm, hes ready to go. Now for the acrobatics. Somewhat inconveniently, the females genital opening is near her thorax, while the males penis is closer to the tip of his abdominal segments (on the underside of his second segment). She has to bend her abdomen forward, sometimes with coaxing from the male, to bring her genitalia into contact with his penis. This position during copulation is known as a wheel formation because the couple forms a closed circle with their joined bodies; it is unique to the order Odonata. In dragonflies, the sex organs lock together briefly (not so for damselflies). Some dragonflies will mate in flight, while others will retire to a nearby perch to consummate their relationship. Competition Among Male Dragonflies If given the opportunity, a female dragonfly might mate with multiple partners, but the sperm from her final sexual partner will fertilize her eggs, in most cases. Male dragonflies, therefore, have an incentive to make sure their sperm is the last to be deposited in her. A male dragonfly can increase his chances of fatherhood by destroying the sperm of his competitors, and hes well equipped to do so when he mates. Some dragonflies have backward-facing hooks or barbs on their penises, which they can use to scoop out any sperm they find inside their partner before depositing their own. Other dragonflies use their penises to tamp down or move the offending sperm, pushing it aside before he places his own in the ideal location for fertilization. Still, other dragonfly males will dilute any existing sperm they find. In all cases, his goal is to ensure that his sperm supersedes that of any prior partners she has had. Just to provide an added measure of security for his sperm, the male dragonfly will often guard the female until she oviposits her eggs. He tries to prevent her from mating with any other males, so his sperm is assured the last in position that will make him a father. Male damselflies will often continue to grasp their partners with their cerci, refusing to let go until she oviposits. Hell even endure a dunking in the pond if she submerges to place her eggs. Many dragonflies prefer to guard their partners by simply chasing off any approaching males, even engaging in wing-to-wing combat if necessary. Sources Paulson, Dennis. Dragonflies and Damselflies of the West. Princeton University Press, 2009.Resh, Vincent H., and Ring T. Carde, eds. Encyclopedia of Insects, 2nd ed., Academic Press, 2009.

Human Resource Management Information Information Systems Personal Statement

Human Resource Management Information Information Systems - Personal Statement Example During the dark days, any available job posting could be filled be anyone, this was due to the fact that; no special skills were required because technology had not advanced at that time. The main implication that various HR department have been going through includes, trying to keep up with the changing demand of labour skill that is changing at a high rate. Also, many companies have not included human resources as part of their strategies; rather they have incorporated technology in their strategies. HRIS, standards for human resources information system, this is a system where employee, statistics are kept in a data base. The information that is captured by HRIS includes; grade, history salary and education information. HRIS, Is basically a system where data and information of the employees in a company is captured and kept in a controlled manner This is software developed for the purpose of hr day to day running of the department. HR software have helped in streaming operations, improvement of relation in various department and finally removing barriers both vertically and horizontal in any organization set up. Hr software coordinates all the activities with accuracy and error

IBM Mergers & Acquisitions - A critical analysis of the problems Essay

IBM Mergers & Acquisitions - A critical analysis of the problems occurred by major acquisitions - Essay Example Although commonly misinterpreted as one, merger and acquisition are two different business strategies in the sense that merger is the process of combining two or more business organizations which often occurs through the purchase acquisition of another business entity (InvestorWords 2011a) whereas acquisition is referring to the act of gaining control over a company by purchasing its stocks as a way of gaining the legal rights to take-over the business (InvestorWords 2011b; Hill and Hill 2005). As explained by Massoudi (2006, p. 19), it is important for IBM Tivoli to learn more about the market potential and profitability of acquiring another company like the BigFix by carefully examining the value of its IT technology and expertise IBM Tivoli could gain out of purchasing another company. As a strategy to improve IBM Tivoli’s security-related field, IBM has been continuously acquiring other IT companies that specializes in the development of IT security software. As IBM Tivoli ’s 11th acquired producers of security-related software, the company made its final decision to formalize its acquisition of the BigFix Inc. for the price of US$400 million (?263 million) back on the 1st of July 2010 (Diaz 2010; Hoffmann and Saitto 2010; IBM 2010; Rogers 2010). Founded back in 1997, the BigFix Inc. is a US-based company that specializes in the reduction of cost and complexity when managing network servers, personal computers and mobile system (Haikes 2011). In line with this, Amrit Williams – BigFix’s CTO stated that â€Å"BigFix is a leading global provider of high-performance system and security management software designed for the special needs of enterprise companies and that BigFix’s unified management platform provides the users with real-time visibility and control through the use of a single infrastructure, single agent, and single console for systems life cycle management, endpoint protection, security configuration, and vulnera bility management† (Winman 2010). Using relevant merger and acquisition theories, this report will identify and critically analyze the merger and acquisition problems that occurred when IBM Tivoli decided to acquire BigFix Inc. To give the readers a better idea about this research topic, this report will discuss the significance of merger and acquisition towards the business success of IBM Tivoli followed by discussing the common internal and external factors that may lead to merger and acquisition failure. Based on the actual business experiences of IBM Tivoli after acquiring the BigFix Inc., this report will evaluate whether or not the act of acquiring the BigFix Inc. has been a good business decision or not. Significance of Merger and Acquisition towards the Business Success of IBM Tivoli’s Decision to Acquire BigFix Inc. In general, the main purpose of entering into merger and acquisition is not limited to the need to increase IBM Tivoli’s market shares but a lso in terms of obtaining critical mass, expanding its geographic business coverage, increase the quality and widens the scope of IBM Tivoli’s IT-products and services, improve the company’s existing competitive advantages and improve its existing diversified portfolio (IBM 2011b). Applicable to desktops, servers, and laptops, Diaz (2010) reported that IBM Tivoli’s decision to acquire BigFix will enable IBM Tivoli offer BigFix’

The overriding objectives of a business listed on the London Stock Essay

The overriding objectives of a business listed on the London Stock Exchange - Essay Example One can see the cross check column "Today's Arrangements." In previous the British company's management would propose a dividend about 2 weeks before the AGM and the resultant dividend would publish in the Times. Management that "proposed" the dividend usually approved with the help of vote at the AGM. It is matter to decide that which market is better for trade especially the impact of other market is depend on London Stock Exchange. In market means the instrument. So we can have to know for every up and down in shares or one may has know about the rates of oil markets. For these sense the markets have too much personalities. If one decide to start business of share which has volatile personality, so 500 can be turn into profit or loss very quickly. Another importance part of London Stock Exchange is its strategy. Strategy means that one have to know the tricks to enter and exit from the London Stock Exchange. But there is not any strategy that is a winning strategy. Some people are in that position that they are constant for the "Holy Grail". Most of them hope that this will make them the millions. Most of the highly successful traders who make consistent profits in the markets and all traders in London Stock Exchange have different strategies. So everyone is not successful in t his race of making milliner. There is also possibility of losing all hard earned money of ones life time. If we critically aIf we critically analyze on the London Stock Exchange and its data used init. There is a report published that revealed that the average ratio between highest paid director salary and bonus and average employee pa in the same company grew by 4 per cent between 1994-5 and 1995-6. This takes no account of share option or L-tips which can inflate remuneration considerably. It is the considerable thing for stakeholder model of corporate governance, the comment that the way to build a long term success is depend on investing in long-term relationships with stakeholders based on mutual respect and trust. It is duties of directors that have responsibility to shareholders. It is also the duties of directors' to reflect their obligations to other stakeholder group, including employees, suppliers, customers and shareholders. Director is responsible for taking decision for considering the stakeholder interests. The committees related to London Stock Exchange like Cadbury and the Greenbury put considerable emphasis on the role of non-executive directors (NEDs) in bringing independent judgment to bear the board of company. The NDEs are themselves drawn from very narrow pool many of the chief executives with similar backgrounds and interests. They decided that the nominations should be sought from stakeholder representatives; it can be including trade unions, national federation small business and environmental organizations. In London Stock Exchange listing Rule on confidentiality obligations on mergers. This takeover should be exchange so that it does not conflict with the legal obligation of companies to consult with employee representatives over proposed redundancies. Modern corporate finance has focused on tax, regulation, asymmetric information, and behavioral explanations to illustrate why and how dividend payments affect a firm's value. Whereas theory has produced clear channels by which dividend policy

Crime Data Comparison Paper

Crime Data Comparison Paper On a yearly base, the Federal Bureau of Investigation gathers information from organizations across the country that relates to specific crimes. The Federal Bureau of Investigation looks at the insights and advertises the information, which is known as Uniform Crime Reports. The two metropolitan ranges thats being contrasted throughout this essay is Mobile Alabama and Atlanta Georgia. Police officers must fill completely incident reports for all crimes that are committed. This solely happens if the victim decides to step up and is inclined to provide a report of the crime to the police. Crimes like aggravated assaults, sexual assaults, burglary, murder and property crimes are a couple of models that are gathered and examined every year. Variation in crime rate alters from year to year. The cause for the crime rate to change is due to the lack of the victims that do not report most crimes. The population of an individual region may change. Not all companies report crime information to the FBI for diverse purposes like being short on staff; software information processing system delivery issuance or the way retention of records are self-possessed. The FBI possess distinct announcement on crime thats seen or observed on their internet site www.fbi.gov. Atlanta Georgia had an expected 5,475,213 individuals living inside the twenty-eight districts that make up the Atlanta Georgia metropolitan range in 2009. The previous six years, the metro range included more than 458,568 individuals every year, more than some other in the United States. At this development rate, the anticipated populace of Atlantas 20 center areas for 2020 is 6.4 million. The biggest rate of individuals who moved to Atlanta Georgia originated from New York and New Jersey (Impact The Atlanta Regional Commission, 2014). Atlanta Georgia is a city that is not commanded by one specific race. There are a wide range of societies that make up the Atlanta Georgia populace. Atlanta Georgia is in the south where warm climate is one key element that draws in individuals to move to the range. As indicated by the FBIS Uniform Crime Report, in 2011 there were 3,391 thefts revealed. This number diminished from 3,761 numbers from 2010 (Federal Bureau Of Investigation, 2016). In connection to, the socioeconomics Mobile Alabama has an aggregate of 198,915 occupants (Mobile Alabama Demographics, n.d.). The Federal Bureau of Investigation detailed 1,897 thefts in 2011 and 1,761 in 2010 (Federal Bureau of Investigations). It is unmistakable to notice that there was a slight ascent in robberies from 2010 to 2011. Adjusting to the socioeconomics for Mobile Alabama the normal populace underneath the destitution level was 17.9% (Mobile Alabama Demographics, n.d.). Then again, the evaluated middle wage in 2009 was $35,068 and the per capita pay was 21,561 (Mobile, Alabama, 2017). Atlanta Georgia had a larger number of thefts revealed than Mobile Alabama in 2010 and 2011. The quantity of thefts declined in Atlanta by 331 in 2011. The quantity of robberies expanded in Mobile by 136 from 2010 to 2011. The wrongdoing numbers may appear to be high to a few notwithstanding, when taking the populace for these regions into thought, the number truly are not that awful. This examination discloses to me that wrongdoing is higher in certain geographic zones than others in view of various variables. Some would incorporate the racial obstructions, wage level, business, and numerous different components. A few elements could be at fault for the adjustment in the numbers. We need to consider that Atlanta Georgia has more populace than Mobile Alabama. The more populace that a range has the more noteworthy the open door is for violations to be conferred. The economic level altered because people lost their residence and jobs. This could exceptionally well add to the numbers expanding. Investigating what could help diminish numbers could be offices building up a theft team. Rehash guilty parties may have been gotten and given a stiffer discipline, for example, correctional facility or jail sentences. A few wrongdoings additionally might not have been accounted for to the police, which could add to the lessening in specific violations. Nobody can totally avert wrongdoing or anticipate the wrongdoing rates. There are many variables that have an influence in these violations. Some of these elements incorporate the neediness level inside a specific range. Race and distinctive ethnical foundations can add to high wrongdoing rates in a few territories. The quantity of wrongdoings announced every year may increment or lessening inside a geographic region relying upon various key variables. References Impact The Atlanta Regional Commission. (2014). Retrieved from http://file:///C:/Users/leidi/Downloads/ARC-Climate-2014-Full.pdf Mobile, Alabama. (2017). Retrieved from http://www.city-data.com/city/Mobile-Alabama.html Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2016). Retrieved from https://www.fbi.gov/ Mobile Alabama Demographics. (n.d.). Retrieved fromhttp://mobile.alabama.com/demographics.html

John Dillinger :: Essays Papers

John Dillinger On June 22, 1903 a man named John Dillinger was born. He grew up in the Oak Hill Section of Indianapolis. When John was three years old his mother died, and when his father remarried six years later, John resented his stepmother. When John was a teenager he was frequently in trouble. He finally quit school and got a job in a machine shop in Indianapolis. He was very intelligent and a good worker, but he soon got bored and often stayed out all night. His father began to think that the city was corrupting his son, so he sold his property in Indianapolis and moved his family to a farm near Mooresville, Indiana. John reacted no better to rural life than he had to that in the city and soon began to run wild again. At the age of 21 he attempted his first robbery, robbing a grocery store, in his home town. He was caught and imprisoned for nine years until 1933. Soon after he was released, Dillinger robbed a bank in Bluffton, Ohio and was arrested by the Dayton police. He was put in Lima county jail to wait for his trial. The Lima police found a document on John which seemed to be a plan for a prison break, but he denied everything. Four days later, using the same plans, eight of Dillinger's friends escaped from the Indiana State Prison, using shotguns and rifles which had been smuggled into their cells. During their escape, they killed two guards. On October 12, three of the escaped prisoners and a parolee from the same prison showed up at the Lima jail where Dillinger was. They told the sheriff that they had come to return Dillinger to the Indiana State Prison for violation of his parole. When the sheriff asked to see their credentials, one of the men pulled a gun, shot the sheriff and beat him into unconsciousness. They took the keys, freed Dillinger, locked the sheriff's wife and a deputy in the cell, and left. Leaving the sheriff to die on the floor. These four men’s fingerprint cards were pulled, indicating that they were wanted.

Identical Diversity of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Greece

Mesopotamia is a Greek term which refers to the land between two rivers namely Euphrates and Tigris which is now called Iraq. Mesopotamia is known for being occupied by the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians which helped in making it a very diverse civilization both in culture and design. Due to the fact that Mesopotamia is a land between two rivers, their way of writing, farming (irrigation), astronomy, literature and design all depended on the two rivers. Hellenistic Greece literally means a culture wherein Greeks and Asians are together. This vision started with the conquest of Alexander the great which started with the conquest of Babylon up to the trip to India. All of his efforts helped spread the Greek Culture all throughout Asia. Aside from that, the very first conquest of Alexander the great was Mycenae and then the infamous Egypt was next, which is why there was a city in Egypt called Alexandria. With all the different conquests and all the different cultures coinciding with each other, it is evident that there may be diversity in the three civilizations, but surely there will have been common structural and cultural designs that will clash with each other. Two of the civilizations, namely Mesopotamia and Egypt share common architecture. Seldom do they create towering homes or buildings most especially under the heat of the sun. They create buildings that have ceilings that would bend inwards if not arching upwards. In creating their housing they simply use branches and mud to be able to make their shelter weather proof. Although when it comes to building tombs or monuments such as temples and palaces they make use of bricks and in the case of the Egyptians by 4000 BC they make use of stones such as limestone, granite and sandstone. In both civilizations they creatively made sun dried bricks made of mud to be able to make their infamous monuments. Monuments that still stand until now such as Mastabas in the case of the Egyptians, where they bury their dead and the great Ziggurats of the Mesopotamians were the first monumental buildings made by man kind. On the other hand, Greece was famous for a number of different monuments. In Mycenae tombs such as that found in the other two civilizations is present namely the great beehive tombs and massive palaces. The Greeks are famous when it comes to the pillars with a decorated top or formally called as ‘capitals’. But unknown to many men, these originate in the basic design of Mesopotamian and Egyptian pillars. Pillars in these two countries used to be made of bundle of reeds. When one looks at the bundle of reeds they seem like a circular arrangement pointing upwards in a neat array with protrusions on the bottom and most especially on the top. Egyptians evolved from reeds to stone. Egyptians made pillars made of stone in the way that their previous pillars where made, they placed palm-leaf designs for the ‘capitals’ and ribbed fluting to make it similar to their pillars of reeds. From this design the Greeks altered it in such a way that they made the pillars a lot slimmer for balance but still kept the ‘capitals’ and used it as a horizontal support. Generally there are a lot more different influences are shared by these three civilizations due to the fact that they share common history. Monuments, buildings and pillars are just some of the great identical differences they may have. `Highlights from the Collection: Mesopotamia', Oriental Institute of theUniversity of Chicago, [Online] Available at: http://oi.uchicago.edu/museum/highlights/meso.html ‘Mesopotamia’, Ancient History Sourcebook: Mesopotamia, [Online] `Iraq-Ancient Mesopotamia', Library of Congress; Article on Ancient Iraq, [Online] Available at: http http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/neareast/a/LOCIraq.htm `Greece', Cyber Museum, [Online] Available at: http://members.tripod.com/jaydambrosio/greece.html Fletcher, T. 2006, `A Short History of the World Architecture’, Essential Architecture, [Online] Available at: http://www.essential-architecture.com/MISC/MISC-hist.htm ; ;

The eNotes Blog The New Harry Potter Story from J.K.Rowling

The New Harry Potter Story from J.K.Rowling Hear more about the latest update on The Boy Who Lived, published on Rowlings Pottermore website yesterday. HP superfans will be delighted to hear that author JK Rowling, despite insisting that she wont return to write another addition to her popular series, has released a short update on the adult lives  of her beloved characters. The 1,500 word story appears in the form of a gossip column on Rowlings Pottermore website, written from the perspective of  her  tabloid journalist character Rita Skeeter. In it Skeeter reports from the grounds of the current  Quidditch World Cup in Patagonia. As usual, nobody is safe from the sharp-quilled busybody, as Skeeter kicks up dirt on Dumbledores Army members Harry and Ginny, Ron and Hermione, Neville Longbottom, Luna Lovegood, and more. Among the most scandalous discoveries Skeeter shares with her Daily Prophet readers are the Longbottoms penchant for a tad too much firewhisky and Teddy Lupin and Victoire Weasleys steamy snog sessions (The good news is both of them seem to have invented a method of breathing through their ears). If you, too, are nostalgic for a time when we could all look forward to another Harry Potter adventure, read Rowlings latest tidbit, Dumbledores Army Reunites at Quidditch World Cup Final here, and let us know what you think!

Free Essays on Ancient Roman And Athenian Women

Roman and Athenian Women Equality in the ancient republic Rome and Athens, where was most famous city state of Ancient Greece was not the same as it is today. In ancient Rome (1.2) and Athenian women (1.1) were not looked upon as equals. By comparison today woman rights, Athenian and Roman woman only a small step above slaves. They could have very little rights. They were considered to be secondary in relation to men. They were always controlled by man and their duties defined as to bear children and to manage to house hold. There are a lot of similarities between two societies, because Roman society borrowed heavilly from that of the Greeks. Before Rome was founded, there were a number of Greek colonies in Sicily and Southern Italy. As a result of this close contact with the Greeks,the early Romans picked up a great amount of ideas of the Greek language and traditions. Although there are similarities between the Roman and Athenian woman, there are notable and fundamental differences. Their civil and economi c rights are different from each other. Unlike the Athenian woman, the Roman woman had more freedom than Athens. Athenian and Roman woman could have very little rights. They were controlled by men at all stages of their lives. Their father controlled them before they were married. When they married complete control went their husband. If they divorced, control and rights over any property went back to their father or nearest male relative. (Moya, K. Mason, â€Å"Ancient Roman Women: A Look at their Lives) They thought that; a woman can not manage her money except one event in Roma. When women’s boys grew up, the mother allowed spent her money and time to advance their political carrier. However, except this event, woman could not spend her money on what ever she wants. According to their thought, the reason of the marriage is that; the management and preservation of property and production of children as future care-givers and h... Free Essays on Ancient Roman And Athenian Women Free Essays on Ancient Roman And Athenian Women Roman and Athenian Women Equality in the ancient republic Rome and Athens, where was most famous city state of Ancient Greece was not the same as it is today. In ancient Rome (1.2) and Athenian women (1.1) were not looked upon as equals. By comparison today woman rights, Athenian and Roman woman only a small step above slaves. They could have very little rights. They were considered to be secondary in relation to men. They were always controlled by man and their duties defined as to bear children and to manage to house hold. There are a lot of similarities between two societies, because Roman society borrowed heavilly from that of the Greeks. Before Rome was founded, there were a number of Greek colonies in Sicily and Southern Italy. As a result of this close contact with the Greeks,the early Romans picked up a great amount of ideas of the Greek language and traditions. Although there are similarities between the Roman and Athenian woman, there are notable and fundamental differences. Their civil and economi c rights are different from each other. Unlike the Athenian woman, the Roman woman had more freedom than Athens. Athenian and Roman woman could have very little rights. They were controlled by men at all stages of their lives. Their father controlled them before they were married. When they married complete control went their husband. If they divorced, control and rights over any property went back to their father or nearest male relative. (Moya, K. Mason, â€Å"Ancient Roman Women: A Look at their Lives) They thought that; a woman can not manage her money except one event in Roma. When women’s boys grew up, the mother allowed spent her money and time to advance their political carrier. However, except this event, woman could not spend her money on what ever she wants. According to their thought, the reason of the marriage is that; the management and preservation of property and production of children as future care-givers and h...

Fate is responsible for the tragedy that occurs in Oedipus the king Essay

Fate is responsible for the tragedy that occurs in Oedipus the king - Essay Example The play â€Å"Oedipus the king† rotates around the life of Oedipus Rex, who in essence, according to fate was destined to kill his father Laios and sleep with his mother Jocasta. In this case, fate is responsible for generating the play’s theme, as the life and journey of Oedipus starts the instant that fate is stated. This fate comes from the oracle, Delphi, and it is made known through a blind prophet named Tiresias. The ultimate realization of this fate is at the time Oedipus is the ruler of Thebes. When Thebes is faced with calamities, and the gods are consulted, they state that Thebes’ calamites can only be solved if the murderer of king Laios is exiled from Thebes. In essence, exiling the murderer will surely reveal that the fate has occurred (Sophocles & Grene 34). As the play continues, Oedipus mother, Jocasta comes to learn of his son’s fate, and she does not want it to happen. Further, the tragedy is developed by Jocasta’s intention of reversing fate by getting rid of young Oedipus. She goes ahead and gives out Oedipus to a herdsman in Mount Kithairon. In the opinion of Jocasta, Oedipus’ fate is too hurtful, as she endeavors to evade the actual situation by giving away Oedipus with the hope that he will not kill his father and sleep with her. Jocasta is not aware that her actions are only buying time, and the eventful situation is bound to happen. Jocasta only creates a detour, which aids the stated fate to happen in a subliminal way (Sophocles & Grene 26). Another way in which fate is responsible for the tragedy in the play is the time that Oedipus comes to learn of his fate. Oedipus knowledge of the fate makes him to exile from Corinth, where he had adopted and lived. Because of his fate, Oedipus thinks that he will kill and sleep with Polybus and Merope respectively whom he thought was his real father and real mother.

Discussion Topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Discussion Topic - Essay Example Two common genes that undergo mutation to result in achromatopsia are CNGB3 and CNGA3. Four chromosomes might have changes responsible for achromatopsia. These chromosomes are chromosome 14, chromosome 8q21-q22, chromosome 2q11, and chromosome 10q24. A mutation that causes this disorder was discovered through a comparative positional cloning approach. The locus of the disorder is in a region of chromosome CFA29. The homologous region on the human genome has the gene for cyclic nucleotide-gated channel beta subunit. Mutation causes same disorders in human beings. The mode of inheritance for this disorder is autosomal recessive. Some chromosomal information is lost or deleted through the process of converting DNA to amino acids (Parker, 2004). A scientist known as Punnet in 1993 discovered the trait for blue egg. This trait was mapped on chromosome GGA1 to a region from 67.3-69.1. Dongxiang chicken breed was used to discover this trait. Using analysis of linkage on the candidate region on information from 146 F2 hens that originate from cross breeding between homozygous blue and homozygous non-blue birds of the Dongxiang breed, scientists refined the location to 120 kb region from 67296991 bp to 67416784 bp located on chromosome 1along the chicken genome. The location that was refined by scientists is made up of four positional candidate genes. Just a single gene out of the four genes is responsible for blue shell trait. This gene is SLCO1B3. It is expressed in the shell glands in the uterus of chicken with a blue shell trait but it is not expressed in shell glands within the uterus of non blue-shelled hens. Through the process of converting DNA to proteins, a gene responsible for this trait was inserted within the amino acid sequence in the protein structure. Process of sequencing uncovered causal mutation to be a~4.2, (that is a retroviral), EAV-HP in the fifth flanking region of SLCO1B3. A survey for genotyping

Climate Change Mitigation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Climate Change Mitigation - Research Paper Example Its effects, importance and control procedures, are also evaluated to ensure that sufficient information is provided to various stakeholders to facilitate the development of effective mitigation approaches. Work schedule The following work schedule provides my work itinerary for successful completion of this project No Activity Completion Date 1 First research proposal 24TH Feb 2012 2 Approval by Supervisor 14th March 2012 3 Interview 16th March 2012 4 Library and electronic search 23rd March 2012 5 Final copy preparation 5th April 2012 6 Approval by the supervisor and presentation 28th April 2012 Literature Review Clear understanding of the effects of climatic changes is an imperative element towards building a vibrant future that embraces quality social and economic standards of life. Environmental dilapidation, which is caused by carbon and other toxic emissions to the atmosphere currently, poses a great challenge to the development of businesses due to increased cost of productio n with limited resources in the production chain (Locker & Kaczmarek, 2010). Adverse climatic changes cause immense dilapidation of natural resources, which is vital in developing a strong economy with cute social benefits. Governments and various organizations must sufficiently understand the need for preventing environmental degradation. This significantly occurs through reduction of green house emissions to the environment by major producing industries to ensure a safe environment, which supports social and financial ventures. As indicated by Locker & Kaczmarek (2010), mitigation of climatic changes is the process of providing necessary interventions towards reducing sources of green house gases. These causes require effective mitigation through clear-cut policies and development of stringent measures with an aim of preventing ethical environmental practices. According to Crawford, Davoudi & Mehmood (2009), understanding of the need to mitigate and prevent climatic adverse condit ions is increasingly becoming a major impediment to most organizations. In business organizations, quality of goods produced relates to capacities and strengths provided by the operating environment, which is a basic factor, vital for organizational success. No corporation can effectively administer its trade successfully without proper management of its environment (Crawford et al, 2009). Hence, environmental factors have become an increasingly critical concern for most institutions where regardless of organizational size, environmental issues impacts profitability and general performance. The concept of ecological dilapidation directly affecting atmospheric changes has existed for quite a while. However, it is recently that its awareness has lead to the establishment of measures towards curbing climate issues. Authorities intending to conduct mitigation have made environmental apprehension critical for climate change mitigation (OECD, 2008). Forestation and deforestation are the m ost common activities associated with tackling these environmental challenges. This processes influence the intensity of concentration for green house gases (GHG) within the atmosphere. Therefore, climate change requires immediate solutions than can minimize the long-term shifts that may result to environmental degradation. Its impact in one area directly affects the whole planet, as climate is not confined. Climate mitigation

Enhancing IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networks Essay Example for Free

Enhancing IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networks Essay Abstract   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The IEEE 802.11 standard for wireless network is a very important standard especially today that wireless technologies are very popular due to its effectiveness and usefulness. However, the standard supports the use of omni-directional antenna which radiates and receives signals in all directions that does not support spatial reuse and does not have high capacity and gain. Research studies show the benefits and advantages of using directional antennas instead of omni-directional antenna in wireless networks. Spatial reuse and high capacity are both very important especially today that the wireless networks are increasingly deployed due to the demand and needs of the users. But, as mentioned, IEEE 802.11 supports the utilisation of omni-directional antenna and not of directional antenna, thus to be able for directional antenna to be at its optimal use, the IEEE 802.11 protocols must be amended to be able to address problems associated with the use of directional antenna. Directional antenna or directivity of an antenna can be created using antenna elements that are combined to form an array. Smart antennas which are becoming popular today have achieved directivity due to the techniques employs with it. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Due to technological development in data and telecommunications during the past years, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) of the United States developed standards and guidelines to ensure orderly transfer of information between two or more data communication systems using different equipment with different needs. Standards and protocols are useful in ensuring that equipments such as computers, mobile phones, and communication devices from different manufacturers and providers have established compatibility and interoperability.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, due to rapid technological development and introduction of newer technologies brought about by the increasing demands and needs of users, some standards are needed to be enhanced and improved. This is because as newer technologies are created, more and more data are needed to be transmitted requiring more capacity for the existing infrastructures. If standards and protocols are not improved, existing communication infrastructures will only have limited capacity causing serious problems such as interference and slow speed. People nowadays always demand for real-time communication of various data such as video, audio, pictures and multimedia. Background   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the most innovative technologies today has been the wireless communication technology. Wireless technology encompasses the use of television and radio, mobile phones, wireless internet connection and computing system which are all very important for communication needs, eliminating the need for cables and wires and making possible the communication even in the remotest areas as along as there is available signal. WLANs increased the degree of mobility which are not possible using the conventional local area networks. In mobile phone communication alone, development has been tremendous that from analogue to GSM, now comes the 3G and 4G mobile systems. In the internet technology, connections have developed from ISDN to dial-up to DSL and now Wireless LAN which is very popular today. Communication between computers and mobile phones are also now possible with the GPRS technology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These technologies are primarily intended for easy and real-time communication brought about by fast-paced lifestyle of people and also because of globalization. Mobile data and communications have become important for personal, professional, and business use. Because there are so many manufacturers and service providers from different locations, and also because of the popularity of these technologies, the IEEE developed the IEEE 802.11 which is a standard particularly intended for Wireless Local Area Networks. However, as WLAN experienced development and are improved, the IEEE 802.11 is also needed to be enhanced to be able for WLANs to be at their optimum performance. Additionally, because of the many uses and demands for WLAN, it has been increasing deployed causing interference between transmissions. Interference in data communications is a serious problem for it caused delay of transmission and alterations or distortion of signals that caused unreliable, unclear and error in messages received. The use of directional antenna is a well known method to reduce interference and to increase the range and capacity of wireless networks (Zhu et al, 2005). However, the IEEE 802.11 is not designed for the use of directional antennas. This project which is focused on the enhancement of the IEEE 802.11 using directional antennas and multiple receivers is important to be able to determine in-depth what improvement and advantages can directional antennas and multi-receivers can contribute to the current IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networks standard. Literature Review   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This part of this proposal reviews literatures that describe the IEEE 802.11 WLAN standard in details to be able to determine the needs for the enhancement of the standard. The literature review also provides earlier research about the functions and advantages of directional antennas This review is a brief discussion providing an overview of the detailed review of literatures that will be provided in the chapters of the research study. 3.1. The IEEE 802.11 Wireless Network Standard   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Aside from promoting interoperability, the IEEE 802.11 standard for wireless network was created to deliver services that were previously found only in wired networks but have been found out to be possible using wireless networks; to achieve high throughput; for highly reliable data delivery; and for continuous network connection (Ergen, 2002). As a standard, the IEEE 802.11 established the network architecture, components, type of equipments and set of services offered that must be complied with by wireless network administrators and providers. These are also known as the physical layer and that IEEE 802.11 WLAN standard provides a number of physical layer options in terms of data rates, modulation types and spreading spectrum techniques (Ergen, 2002). This means that the medium, the path that the signal transmitted and received via the WLAN, the range, location, frequency to be used and the type of antenna to be used are all determined by the IEEE 802.11 standard. IEEE 802.11 does not only specify the physical layer characteristics but also the link layer protocol for medium access in broadcast channels (Dham, 2003). The medium access control protocol is designed for the specified physical layer characteristics thus any changes made in the physical layer also requires significant alterations in the MAC protocol.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The MAC layer of the standard defines two different access modes: the Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) and the Point Coordination Function (PCF) (Xu Saadawi, 2003). DCF is a mechanism which is a Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance. The standard allows the use of a basic access method or an optional handshake which is done by exchanging Request to Send (RTS) and Clear to Send (CTS) messages which are also the frame sent from the source to the destination and an acknowledgement from the destination that the frame was received correctly (Erger, 2005). These frames or control packets contain the proposed duration of data transmission while nodes or stations within the vicinity of communicating nodes overhear either of these control packets and suspend transmission for this proposed duration (Choudhury et al, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This process unable the nodes or devices to communicate directly with all other devices and for a wireless device to be able to transmit and receive at the same time thus the IEEE 802.11 MAC implements a network allocation vector (NAV) which is a value that indicates to a station the amount of time that remains before the medium becomes available (Erger, 2005).   With this standard, directional antenna is obviously not utilised because in using directional antennas, it is possible to carry out multiple transmissions in the same neighbourhood provided that the beamwidth of the directional transmissions is not very large (Choudhury et al, 2002). 3.2. The Directional Antenna   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An antenna is one or more electrical conductors of a specific length that transmits radio waves generated by a transmitter or that collects radio waves at the receiver (Frenzel, 1994). It is a basic component of every wireless networks, thus it must be chosen carefully depending on how it will be used. WLAN commonly used omni-directional antenna which allows for transmission and reception of messages in any direction (Frenzel, 1994) which is commonly used in wireless internet connections and wireless telecommunications. However, because the transmitted signal is exposed in any direction, interference with other signal has been a problem. In search for the solution with the problem of interference, various research (Dham, 2003; Zhu et al, 2005; Choudhury et al, 2002) have been focused on the use of directional antenna in WLANs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The primary advantage of directional antenna is that it eliminates interference from other signals being received from all directions except the direction of the desired signal (Frenzel, 1994). It was found out that the use of directional antenna for transmission gives the highest capacity, allows spectrum reuse, and provides range extension (Zhu et al, 2005). At the receiver, the antenna is pointed directly at the station to be received thus rejecting signals from transmitters in all other directions (Frenzel, 1994).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another advantage of directional antenna over omni-directional is that there is greater efficiency of power transmission while when omni-directional antenna is used at the transmitter side the transmitted power goes off in all directions wasting a significant amount of power (Frenzel, 1994). It is argued that all messages should be sent in directional mode to take advantage of this gain (Zhu et al, 2005). Choudhury et al (2002) conducted a study and proposed a protocol that exploits the benefits of using directional antenna namely spatial reuse and higher transmission range. On the other hand, the use of directional antenna also poses some problems such as higher collision probability. That is, as space is segmented and the carrier is reused with directional antennas, the amount of MAC information required for conflict-free transmission increases (Zhu et al, 2005). Because the current IEEE 802.11 standard does not support spatial reuse, several problems may occur when directional antennas are used without changing the modifying the existing protocol. Collision occurs due to the deafness of the nodes as these nodes are immersed in only one direction. And because of this deafness, the transmitting nodes will send RTS packets repeatedly which is a waste of bandwidth (Zhu et al, 2005). The research study conducted by Zhu et al (2005) focused on solving the problems caused by the spatial reuse which is higher collision probability and proposed a protocol called sectorised 802.11 MAC protocol. These two studies along with the other studies serve as the framework of this research. To create an antenna with directivity and gain, two or more antenna elements are combined to form what is known as an array (Frenzel, 1994). Antenna array has the capability of spatial signal separation and could radiate frequency energy towards a desired receiver with narrow beamwidth and null towards an interfering terminal to reduce the negative impact of multi-path and co-channel interference (Zhou, 2006). Phased array antenna systems are an example of an array. Phased array antennas consist of an array of antenna elements connected by a feeder or adder network arranged so that their individual signals combine to provide maximum gain in one direction while minimising it in other directions (Dham, 2003). There is also what is called smart antenna which is consist of multiple antenna elements arranged in a special configuration and connected through complex weights (Zhou, 2006). Smart antenna Switched beam and adaptive array antenna are the two major categories of smart antenna. Switched beam is the simplest smart antenna with a number of fixed beams in predetermined directions at the antenna site (Zhou, 2006). Adaptive array on the other hand uses a complex signal processing algorithm to continuously detect multi-path and interference among desired signal (Zhou, 2006). The studies about the applications of smart antennas in wireless networks are also related and will be useful in the completion of this research study.   Zhou (2006) added that a smart antenna can be applied to all current major wireless protocols and industrial standards to achieve higher system capacity, larger network coverage and higher data rate thus smart antenna must be further investigated to determine what it can contribute to the enhancement of IEEE 802.11 with directional antennas. Aims and Objectives   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conducting any research, it is important that definite sets of objectives are present.   These objectives will serve as the researcher’s guide in conducting the data gathering, data analysis and conclusion formulation. The primary objective of the research is to provide a protocol designed for the utilisation of directional antennas in wireless local area networks. Such protocol is proposed to be used in the deployment of WLAN using directional antennas thus it includes some amendments on the original standards, architecture, and physical layer. However, this general aim is an umbrella objective that would dictate the general path that the research will take. Within this umbrella objective are the specific aims of the research that will allow the researcher to touch the important aspects of the topic. These specific aims are the following: To identify the problems associated with the current protocols to determine the necessary adjustments or enhancement that are needed to be done; To determine the characteristics of directional antennas and what it can contribute to improve the capabilities of the wireless local area networks; To evaluate the advantages of having multiple receivers in wireless local area networks; To investigate on the differences of the current protocol and the proposed protocol and determine the limitations of the latter; and To test the effectiveness of the proposed standard. Intellectual Challenge   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The most intellectual challenge on this research is the proposal itself. The IEEE 802.11 is developed by reliable engineers and to propose an enhancement for this standard is a big challenge thus the research study should be based on reliable data. The proposed protocol should also be tested on using a prototype and accurate calculations to ensure that the outcome of the studies is viable. Research Program 6.1 Research Methodology The method of collecting data for the dissertation will be composed of two methodologies. The first methodology is review of related literature or secondary sources.   Reviewing earlier studies and other related literature would allow the researcher to become familiar with the already accepted theories and statements pertaining to the topic. The sources should be from technical books, journals, earlier theses and published articles technical organisations such as the IEEE. The second methodology would be surveys and personal interviews. Technical professionals like engineers and technicians from different communication network companies and Internet service providers (ISP) will be surveyed using questionnaires that include questions that will determine the problems encountered with WLAN particularly with the use of the antennas they currently utilise, the solutions they are implementing and the improvement they would like to suggest and impose with the current standards. It is important that the views of these people be collected since they are the ones who are immersed in the realities of the WLAN conditions. They will be able to provide insights that will help the researcher in evaluating the current IEEE standard. This study will be using the descriptive research method where the general part of the paper will be dedicated to the description of the subject in question. Descriptive research intends to present facts concerning the nature and status of a situation, as it exists at the time of the study (Creswell, 1994). It is also concerned with relationships and practices that exist, beliefs and processes that are ongoing, effects that are being felt, or trends that are developing. In addition, such approach tries to describe present conditions, events or systems based on the impressions or reactions of the respondents of the research (Creswell, 1994). The use of the descriptive method also suggests that the research will be focusing on obtaining qualitative data. Qualitative research is an umbrella that refers to various research traditions and strategies. The research will be carried out systematically. First, the researcher needs to review previous literature about the topic. This will allow the research the researcher to become familiar with what is already known about the topic. This will also allow the researcher to formulate the appropriate questionnaire that will be able to extract the most useful data. After the questionnaires have been completed, the researcher will have to tally the results and compare it with the findings of previous studies. If the finding of the research is the same as the findings of previous studies then the research can be supported by the findings of previous studies. On the other hand, if the findings of the research do not agree with past studies then the researcher must look back on previous studies to check if the findings of the studies are supported by other findings. This will ensure that the results of the research are not isolated and have been tested by other researches. 6.2 Schedule The Gantt chart below shows the schedule of activities involved in conducting the research study. Activity Date 1st Month 2nd Month 3rd Month 4th Month Data Gathering/Survey, Personal Interview             Review of earlier studies and related literature/ Analysis of data collected             Writing of the First Draft             Development, Testing, Analysis, Evaluation and Documentation             Revision of the study             Formulation of the conclusion             Completion of Writing             Printing and binding of documents             Submission                Deliverables   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The research study will be organised as follows: A chapter describing the IEEE 802.11 A chapter describing the antenna used in WLAN and the problems using non-directional antennas A chapter describing the analysis of the problems A chapter that presents the data collected and the analyses of those data A chapter for the proposed solutions and the methods for testing the solutions A chapter that serves as documentations of the testing, calculations involved and evaluation of the proposed solutions Resources   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As already mentioned, this research study is highly technical nature thus resources must be from reliable sources such as the IEEE itself that developed the standard that will be enhanced and the Association for Computing Machinery which is an organisation that publishes reliable sources about computing and related technology. ACM also has a digital library where various literatures can be accessed. The World Wide Web is also be used as a source where different latest articles and journals can be found. University and public libraries will also be used where books that discuss the basic concepts of the subject and topics involved can be found. The researcher will need the cooperation of technical professionals, technicians and engineers whose personal knowledge will be needed as they answer the survey questionnaires. The researcher will also need to collaborate with an ISP or a network company to test the proposed standard, determining its effectiveness as well as its shortcomings. References: Choudhury, R., Yang, X., Ramanathan, R., and Vaidya, N. (2002) Using Directional Antennas for Medium Access Control in Ad Hoc Networks, MOBICOM’02, ACM: Georgia, USA Creswell, J.W. (1994). Research design: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Dham, Vikram (2003) Link Establishment in Ad Hoc Networks Using Smart Antennas Thesis in Master of Science in Electrical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University retrieved online on December 13, 2006 http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05072003-180228/unrestricted/etd.pdf Erger, Mustafa (2002) IEEE 802.11 Tutorial, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Berkeley, Retrieved online on Dec. 13, 2006   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~ergen/docs/ieee.pdf Frenzel, Louis (1994) Communication Electronics 2nd edition, Glencoe Macmillan/McGraw-Hill: Singapore Xu, Shugong Saadawi, Tarek (2003) Does IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol Work Well in Multi-hop Wireless Ad Hoc Networks? Dept. of Electrical Engineering, City University of New York retrieved online on December 13, 2006   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://academic.csuohio.edu/yuc/mobile03/0415-xu.pdf   Zhu, Chenxi, Nadeem, Tamer and Agre, Jonathan (2005) Enhancing 802.11 Wireless Networks with Directional Antenna and Multiple Receivers, Fujitsu Laboratories of America, retrieved online on December 13, 2006 http://www.flacp.fujitsulabs.com/TM-PCR-TM-21.pdf Zhou, Hao (2006) The Improvements in Ad Hoc Routing and Network Performance with Directional Antennas, Department of Electrical and Communications Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, Retrieved online on December 13, 2006   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://lib.tkk.fi/Dipl/2006/urn007316.pdf